Friday, September 16, 2011

The Uphill Experiment: Two-hour-loop reprise

A couple of weeks before this year’s Iron Mountain Trail Run (IMTR) I ran “the two-hour-loop.” This is a course I scouted back in 2005 and used as a benchmark while training for the 2006 Mountain Masochist Trail Run (MMTR). The route starts near Skulls Gap and contours along the Iron Mountain on “old 84” to Hurricane Gap. It crosses the ridge of the mountain at Barton Gap and then drops to the bottom of the mountain at the trailhead for Jerry’s Creek (near the trailhead for Rowland Creek Falls). It then climbs the mountain again, following Jerry’s Creek, to near Skull’s Gap. The terrain has equal parts single track, double track, and gravel forest service road. The course climbs 2700 feet in nearly 18 miles. It took about 2 hours 20 minutes to run it at first, so I decided to come back to the course at regular intervals and see how close I could come to running it in 2 hours. Treating the run like an extended tempo workout, I began to approach the 2 hour mark after a few weeks.

About that same time, David Horton came down for a training run in preparation for the first IMTR. The middle section of that course is very similar to the two-hour-loop except that IMTR follows Rowland Creek instead of Jerry’s Creek back up the mountain. During that run Horton asked me my goal for MMTR. I told him that I wanted to break 7 hours. He quickly retorted that I couldn’t do it. Only a couple of people had done it, and when the inestimable Eric Clifton had failed to he reportedly said that he didn’t think there was anyplace he could have made up the necessary time.

My response was that I’d let my result speak for itself. I also said that my training included the two-hour-loop, and that I thought when I could break 2 hours on it, I could break 7 hours on the MMTR course. Though we quickly moved on to other topics, it is interesting to note that Horton can recall this story with more clarity than I can. Part of the reason, no doubt, is that I did ultimately break 2 hours on the loop and 7 hours at MMTR. He greeted me at the finish, as he does for all runners, and was able to witness the most special moment of my athletic life.

Horton is one of the few people who could really appreciate what reaching the finish line in Montebello meant to me. That place represented much more to me than winning a race, or meeting a goal, or proving something. That race finally brought into relief the full scale geography that is me. I had first stumbled down that same campground road in 1997 in the middle of my thru-hike of the Appalachian Trail. I was empty – destitute and alone, and slept on the wooden porch of the pavilion. My second approach to the same road was in 1998 after suffering a beating through my first ultra at MMTR. My calves had shredded by mile 37, and I had to hobble on my heels for the next 16 (?) miles to the finish. I had been sunk as low as I have ever been twice – both times across from the small general store that defines that tiny town. The contrast in 2006 could not have been more apparent. I had started to build momentum on the climb up Buck Mountain, and I didn’t let up. I blasted the final mile along the road in under six minutes and charged into David’s embrace. I cried for the only time at a race.
I retired the two-hour-loop for some time after that. It wasn’t so much the weighty feelings surrounding it, but more that it’s a tough run and shouldn’t be overdone. I’ve had one other reason to avoid the two-hour-loop. It would be too good an indicator of my fitness. I was 38 in 2006, and I’ve been getting older ever since (!). I wouldn’t necessarily want to know how my performance had declined.

That is why I was so pleasantly surprised early this spring, when after a minimal flurry of speed workouts, I was able to again go under two hours for the loop. Soon after I ran a PR at the Promise Land 50K, a race I had already ran respectably. As quickly as I had begun to run fast, though, I slowed back down because my goal for this year had been to run 100s. I slowed my training and muddled through Old Dominion and the first 70 miles of Burning River. The misery induced by these races finally caused me to reconcile the space between my aspirations and my talents. So much for 100s.

I like to run fast. I decided to keep my races at or under 62 miles this fall, and to run MMTR in November once again. In preparation I’d confront whatever the two-hour-loop had to say about my fitness. Two weeks before IMTR it said 2:05. That translated into a 7:15 two weeks later – a respectable time on a tough course. Historically runners are able to run similar times at IMTR and MMTR. Of course I’d like to run faster than 7:15 come early November. So this past Wednesday I was back on the two-hour-loop, having carefully considered what I had to do to go under two hours.

Here's an experiment I would like to do: get a bunch of runners to do a hilly 8K time trial. Tell all of them to go for the fastest time they can without killing themselves. Then break them into two random groups. Tell one group to push the uphills, and explain that will help them keep the best overall pace. Tell the other group to slow down on the uphills and pick it up on the downhills, and explain how that will help them to even out their effort and yield the best overall pace. I’ve given contradictory advice – I can’t have been truthful to both groups.

I’d like to do the experiment because I know now how it works for me – and how I’ve been lied to.

There are two distinct models for understanding how fatigue limits performance, and they predict different outcomes for the experiment. A "peripheral fatigue" model says -- and this is oversimplified -- that pushing the uphills will fatigue the muscles and therefore (eventually) cause runners to slow down. It would predict that maintaining a constant threshold effort (by slowing down on uphills and speeding up on downhills) limits fatigue and therefore maximizes exertion across the whole exercise. According to this model the advice is simple – DON’T push the uphills.

In contrast, a "central governor" model says that runners (perhaps subconsciously) anticipate what is ahead and experience fatigue depending on how they interpret their current exertion relative to how much is left to run. This model at least leaves open the possibility that pushing the uphills could result in a better time, because performance depends on how the runner interprets what he or she is doing. So, while not the advice is not as clear, we can at least advise: PUSH the uphills if you can.

When I was in college heart rate monitors were just coming into use. Our team bought one and rotated it among team members during training. The idea was to make sure we were not over-exerting. The theory was built on a peripheral-fatigue model. One inescapable conclusion was that the best pacing strategies tend to even out effort across the run. In other words, all else being equal, slow down on uphills so that your heart rate remains relatively constant. We didn’t apply this to races, because in a race all else is not equal. Relative place matters much more than time, and maintaining place on climbs surely trumped maximizing overall pace.

My tempo runs are generally alone, though, and so I have tended to fall back on the theory that I should slow down on the uphills in order to get the best out of the total distance. That is the lie. And I think I know why.

On Wednesday I ran just under 1:58 for the two-hour-loop. I worked the uphills pretty hard. Part of the reason I have to do that now may be that I can’t run downhills as hard as I used to, but I think there is another reason. When we charge uphill we raise the threshold for perceived effort. We breathe hard and our hearts pound and we go for it knowing that the climb will top out and we’ll continue on an easier course. Because of the raised threshold, however, we tend to pick up the pace on the downs and flats compared to what we would have if we had backed off on the climb.

I don’t really know if this is a personal quirk – perhaps shaped by my own way of thinking about running or just my unique physiology – or a generalizable finding that would help corroborate a central governor model of fatigue. That’s a good reason to run the experiment. In the meantime, I’m going to push the uphills.

8 comments:

  1. I had a similar predicament. I really enjoy running fast, and I dislike walking. Even on hills.

    I've found myself pushing uphill when possible, and have not yet found it to be detrimental to my overall levels of fatigue or performance. Unfortunately, I have not had the chance to experiment with this in an all-out race environment or beyond the 50k distance.

    My concern is how drastically my nutrition needs will change when pushing up the hills in a race situation compared to my previous nutrition that was based on a more streamlined heart-rate and level of physical exertion.

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  2. I think we each have to train what seems to work best for our bodies and our minds. That is not to say that we should not push where we would prefer to relax. Back in my road days, I always approached a hill with the mindset that I wanted to keep the same pace going up the hill as I did when I hit it. That worked well on the roads. Now I believe that you need to take a climb in a relaxed comfortable form. The long climbs of mountain ultras will eventually wear you down if you do not run them in a controlled manner.

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  3. What a great post Eric. Gave me a lot to think about. I'm a bit of a novice ultra runner but have had trouble embracing the walk up/fly down the hills conventional model. Because of my age (53), I feel like I will never fly down the hills like my 20 yr old son or even Beth Minnick for that matter. I'm a decent uphill runner but at my first MMTR last year I was slow uphill, not a very good downhill runner, trashed quads late... so didn't leave a lot of room for faster running. I don't yet know what will work best for me but at IMTR, only did the 30 mi, I worked hard uphill and it seemed to work pretty well. Thanks for opening my mind to alternate uphill/downhill philosophies.

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  4. Thanks much for this post. Would love to see the experiment played out. I'm training for my second MMTR--a slow newbie, but nonetheless trying hard to improve, and not knowing quite what strategy to take. I'm fast on the downhills--staying extremely relaxed I somehow manage to save my quads, but my climbs are extremely slow--I'm a fast runner but a slow walker. I have known I have to work on this mostly, but was a bit unsure how much to push the climbs. After reading your post, I wonder if perceived exertion may be more of a problem for me on the climbs than over-all energy expenditure. I'm going to try pushing the climbs in my training and see what happens. Once I find some. It is a challenge considering most of my training is now in the city on flat pavement--but even tiny hills can be repeated, certainly. What I wonder is if mentally, I am short changing myself by pushing hill repeats as a substitute for long climbs. Physically, I know there is no substitute for the real McCoy--that it is a compromise. But also I would imagine that mentally powering over the simple vision of a long, steep climb is something that needs practice as well. Any thoughts?

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  5. Great post Eric. I wonder if there's another model - a bit of in-between. We were always taught as cross country runners to maintain a steady but relaxed pace thru the uphill, then crest with an increased pace, in order to carry that effort back onto the flats. I continue to run hills this way today, and coach my athletes to do the same - it's not much different from what you're talking about, but maybe a bit more delayed in the onset of going over our threshold.

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  6. Hi Eric - great article and food for thought. I thru-hiked in '97 also and delight in 5 mile speed hikes to keep in physical and spiritual shape (not exactly running, but similar). I think your question may have a trick answer and that is that you use different muscle groups for uphill and downhill and conditioning level for each would factor in. Also, I think that it is easier to push uphill because you can regulate your energy output more rythmically. I think downhill muscles are worked harder as they have to compensate for gravity while keeping the body positioned optimally - if you have to take big step you'll feel it with 40 lbs on your back - uphill not so much.

    Great blog!

    James "Time to Fly"

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  7. This post seems like a no-brainer to me. If you push the uphills too hard, and you burn out, then the physical/mental state deteriorates quickly...which would lead one to hypothesize that "steady effort" would be ideal. However, if you go hard and survive, mind/body is energized beyond what would be possible with a "steady effort" approach and you can fly downhill. So I agree with Eric's "raised threshold" view. For me personally, some days I like the steady state (endorphins are awesome) and some days I like the hard-charging Rough Riders style (sucking wind leads to enlightenment).

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  8. I appreciate the thoughtful discussion. The variety of responses indicates to me that we don't have a good theoretical grasp of what is going on. As runners we have tinkered to find what works for us, but not even the exercise physiologists can agree on the most basic model to explain why those strategies would work!

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